Lab 13: More OWL

Topics

OWL ontology programming with RDFlib.

Tutorial

Classes and methods

In Lab 8 you have already used these OWL concepts:

(sameAs, equivalentClass, equivalentProperty, differentFrom, disjointWith, inverseOf)
(ReflexiveProperty, IrreflexiveProperty, SymmetricProperty, AsymmetricProperty, TransitiveProperty, FunctionalProperty, InverseFunctionalProperty),

In this lab you will mostly use the following OWL terms:

(oneOf, unionOf, intersectionOf. complementOf)
(Restriction, onProperty)
(someValuesFrom, allValuesFrom, hasValue)
(cardinality, minCardinality, maxCardinality)
(qualifiedCardinality, minQualifiedCardinality, maxQualifiedCardinality, onClass)

OWL Restrictions

Most of the tasks today involve restrictions.

I Recommend refreshing your memories on restrictions and complex classes from the lecture notes When solving the tasks look at the notes, find the relevant OWL term/s, and try to use the same principles in python code.

Down below is an example solution of the first task: "anyone who is a graduate has at least one degree". It looks complicated, but once you understand it, the other tasks follow a similar pattern. In short: I create a blank node that is an OWL.restriction on the ex.degree property. The restriction in question is a minCardinaality restriction with the value 1. (e.g "at least one") Then I create another blank node that is for a List of all the criteria that makes a person a Graduate. In this case I say that a Graduate is the intersection of a Person and the restriction we creater earlier. Collection is essentially used to create lists and everything between [] is what is in the list (the intersections).

# anyone who is a graduate has at least one degree
 
br = BNode()
g.add((br, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
g.add((br, OWL.onProperty, ex.degree))
g.add((br, OWL.minCardinality, Literal(1)))
bi = BNode()
Collection(g, bi, [ex.Person, br])
g.add((ex.Graduate, OWL.intersectionOf, bi))

Tasks

Create or Extend a previous graph into an ontology that expresses the following using concepts from OWL (and some from RDF/RDFS):

anyone who is a graduate has at least one degree
anyone who is a university graduate has at least one degree from a university
a grade is either an A, B, C, D, E or F
a straight A student is a student that has only A grades
a graduate has no F grades
a student has a unique student number
each student has exactly one average grade
a course is either a bachelor, a master or a Ph.D course
a bachelor student takes only bachelor courses
a masters student takes only master courses and at most one bachelor course
a Ph.D student takes only Ph.D and at most two masters courses
a Ph.D. student cannot take a bachelor course

Write each of the above statements as python code using RDFlib and OWL.

Code to get started

import owlrl
from rdflib import Graph, Literal, Namespace, BNode
from rdflib.namespace import RDF, OWL
from rdflib.collection import Collection

g = Graph()
ex = Namespace("http://example.org/")
g.bind("ex", ex)
g.bind("owl", OWL)

# anyone who is a graduate has at least one degree
br = BNode()
g.add((br, RDF.type, OWL.Restriction))
g.add((br, OWL.onProperty, ex.degree))
g.add((br, OWL.minCardinality, Literal(1)))
bi = BNode()
Collection(g, bi, [ex.Person, br])
g.add((ex.Graduate, OWL.intersectionOf, bi))

# Continue here with the other statements:

print(g.serialize(format="turtle").decode())

If You Have More Time

In earlier labs we have modeled and programmed a scenario. You will find the descriptions at the end of this text.

Scenarios from previous labs

In RDF: "Cade Tracy lives in 1516 Henry Street, Berkeley, California 94709, USA. He has a B.Sc. in biology from the University of California, Berkeley from 2011. His interests include birds, ecology, the environment, photography and travelling. He has visited Canada and France. Ines Dominguez lives in Carrer de la Guardia Civil 20, 46020 Valencia, Spain. She has a M.Sc. in chemistry from the University of Valencia from 2015. Her areas of expertise include waste management, toxic waste, air pollution. Her interests include bike riding, music and travelling. She has visited Portugal, Italy, France, Germany, Denmark and Sweden. Cade knows Ines. They met in Paris in August 2014."

In RDFS: "University of California, Berkeley and University of Valencia are both Universities. All universities are higher education instituttions (HEIs). Having a B.Sc. from a HEI and having a M.Sc. from a HEI are special cases of gradutating from that HEI. That a person has a degree in a subject means that the person has expertise in that subject. Only persons can have expertise, and what they have expertise about is always a subject."

In RDFS Plus: "Cade and Ines are two different persons. All the countries mentioned above are different. The country USA above is the same as the DBpedia resource http://dbpedia.org/resource/United_States (dbr:United_States) and the GeoNames resource http://sws.geonames.org/6252001/ (gn:6252001). The person class (the RDF type the Cade and Ines resources) in your graph is the same as FOAF's, schema.org's and AKT's person classes (they are http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person, http://schema.org/Person, and http://www.aktors.org/ontology/portal#Person, respectively, but on paper you can use prefixes). Nothing can be any two of a person, a university, a city, and a person at the same time. The property you have used in your RDF/RDFS graph to represent that 94709 is the US zip code of Berkeley, California in US is a subproperty of VCard's postal code-property (http://www.w3.org/2006/vcard/ns#postal-code). No two US cities can have the same postal code. The property you have used for Ines living in Valencia is the same property as FOAF's based near-property (http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/based_near), and it is the inverse of DBpedia's hometown property (http://dbpedia.org/ontology/hometown, dbo:hometown). (This is not completely precise: but "hometown" is perhaps the inverse of a subproperty of "based near".)